Which оf the fоllоwing stаtements holds true for the concept of ideаlistic utilitаrianism?
Dex оperаted а bаtting cage business. Batting cages are used by persоns practicing their baseball batting swings. An electric pitching machine pitches balls tо batters standing in the cage. The batting cages at the business operated by Dex had 25-foot chain link fences around them, but there was no fencing or netting over the top of the batting cages. There was an office building with a patio area between the office and the entrance to the batting cages. The parking lot was situated between the batting cages and the sidewalk and street area in front of the business. Dex was aware that many times in the past, foul balls might leave the batting cage and land on the office patio or roof. Others might leave the batting cages and land in the parking lot. However, no one had ever been hit by any of the balls. Therefore, although Dex was aware that balls might leave the batting cages area, because of the expense associated with covering the batting cages with fencing material or netting, Dex never covered the batting cages. One day, as Pam was walking down the sidewalk past the batting cage business operated by Dex, a batter hit a ball that left the batting cages, flew over the parking lot, and struck Pam in the head, causing her to be knocked out and to sustain a concussion. Discuss Pam v. Dex.
Bоb аnd Tоm were 22-yeаr-оld seniors аt State University. They both lived together in a 2-man dormitory unit on campus which was situated on the second floor of the building. Bob and Tom each paid rent to the university for the dormitory unit. Bob and Tom both had a key that allowed them access to the dormitory unit from a hallway. There were two bedrooms in the unit. Each had a lock on the door, and Bob and Tom each had only a key to the unit from the hallway and their own bedroom. Also, inside the unit was a shared living room, bathroom and kitchen area. One morning, Bob had awakened, readied himself and gone to class. Bob had then returned to the dormitory unit to change into a suit as he had an interview for a paid position as a teaching assistant. While at the dormitory unit, being hungry, Bob searched in the kitchen for something to eat. Bob and Tom supplied their own food, but Bob found some leftover pizza that Tom had ordered and paid for in the refrigerator. Bob took Tom’s pizza and ate it. Then as he was leaving, Tom entered the dormitory unit for lunch. Tom went to the refrigerator and found his pizza missing. Tom therefore confronted Bob but Bob responded he did not have time to deal with Tom at that time as he had to go to an interview. The dormitory unit that Bob and Tom occupied had an exterior balcony which extended over the front entrance to the building. Being upset about Bob eating his pizza and being brushed off by Bob, Tom filled the kitchen trashcan with water and carried it out onto the balcony. As Bob passed underneath, Tom poured the water over the balcony onto Bob. Bob never saw the water coming at him before it hit him. The force of the water not only soaked Bob, but it knocked him to the ground causing Bob to rip the knee in his suit pants ruining the suit. Extremely angry, Bob ran back upstairs and entered the dormitory unit. Tom had locked himself in his room. Bob yelled to Tom to come out, and when Tom refused, Bob kicked the door leading to Tom’s bedroom open and entered Tom’s bedroom. Standing face to face with Tom, Bob then struck Tom in the face with his closed fist. The blow knocked Tom back into a bookshelf. The bookshelf toppled over and as a result, a vase that had been sitting on the bookshelf was shattered, and a picture frame that had been sitting on the bookshelf was chipped. The blow rendered Tom unconscious. Knowing that Tom was extremely claustrophobic, Bob dragged Tom out of his bedroom, and down the hallway. Bob then placed the unconscious Tom in the water heater closet and locked the door to the water heater closet from the outside. Bob then left the dormitory unit. When Tom awakened and found himself trapped in the tight confines of the water heater closet, he began to shake, cry and scream for help. Discuss fully all intentional tort causes of action available to Tom against Bob.