The pоrtiоn оf а neuron thаt cаrries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) towards the synapse is called the ________.
The Scientific Revоlutiоn trаnsfоrmed medicine with groundbreаking medicаl and biomedical research. One early pioneer, William Harvey, was the first to accurately describe the human circulatory system. His experiments proved that blood moved around the body through the expansion of the heart and the contraction of the arteries. Robert Hooke's interest in microscopes allowed him to demonstrate the cell structure of living tissue. He was the first person to use the word ‘cell’ in biology. Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796. Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases ever known to mankind, with an estimated 300-500 million people losing their lives to the disease throughout the 19th century. John Snow is widely regarded as the father of epidemiology – the study of the patterns and causes of disease in a population. Snow set out to prove that cholera, a deadly disease of the time, wasn’t caused by “bad air” as everyone thought at the time. His research proved the source of cholera was a contaminated public water supply. There were few women scientists during the Scientific Revolution because male-dominated schools did not permit women students and scientific societies barred them from membership. Many women made contributions, but due to the rigid gender lines of the time, they were often not recognized for their achievements. German astronomer Maria Winkelmann worked alongside her husband, and helped to develop astronomical calendars. In 1702, she became the first woman to discover a comet. Maria Sibylla Merian made her name in the field of natural history, particularly as an illustrator. She conducted scientific expeditions and illustrated the life cycles of insects and plants. Sophia Brahe, a Danish astronomer and scientist, worked alongside her brother in studying lunar eclipses. Her work helped scientists better understand how planets moved around the sun. Margaret Cavendish was involved in the Scientific Revolution in Britain. Cavendish used her social rank to attend a meeting of the Royal Society in London in 1667, the first woman to do so and the only one until 1945. A significant number of women also worked as technicians, artists, illustrators, teachers, patent clerks, and botanic researchers during the Scientific Revolution. QUESTIONS: 1. In what ways did the work of these scientists change our understanding of the human body? Be specific. 1. What challenges did women scientists face in the 16th and 17th centuries? What are some of the ways women scietists overcame these obstacles? Your answer must be in your own words- do not use direct quotes. Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.
Befоre the Refоrmаtiоn, the Cаtholic Church wаs the only spiritual authority in medieval Europe. The Protestant Reformation changed that when the German monk Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Church by questioning the practice of selling indulgences (papers that promised to shorten one's stay – or that of a loved one – in purgatory). Luther argued against the practice of buying or earning forgiveness. He believed that salvation was a gift God gives to people who have faith. Reformers like Luther proposed the idea that individual believers should be less dependent on the pope and priests for spiritual guidance and salvation. Instead, Protestants believed people should take personal responsibility for their faith and their relationship with God and refer directly to the Bible for spiritual wisdom. Luther's activism in Germany inspired other reformers. John Calvin was a French pastor, considered among the greatest figures of the Protestant Reformation. Calvin's teachings influenced the beliefs of the Puritans, who eventually established the New England colonies in what would become the United States. Protestant reform in England began with Henry VIII in 1534. The Pope refused to grant him an annulment from his first wife Catherine so he could remarry. Eventually, King Henry rejected the Pope's authority, and created the Church of England under the rule of the king. Henry closed England’s monasteries and took their lands and great wealth. Over the next 20 years, there was religious conflict in England as Henry's daughter Mary brought back Catholicism in England and persecuted Protestants, only to have Elizabeth I, her sister, lead England back toward Protestantism during her long reign. Source: Martin Luther, 1517. Luther wrote to the Archbishop of Mainz protesting the sale of indulgences to finance the building of a new cathedral. Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name…I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from them-- the unhappy souls believe that if they have purchased letters of indulgence they are sure of their salvation (life after death with God), that so soon as they cast their contributions into the moneybox, souls fly out of purgatory (where souls go to be "cleansed" after death); furthermore, there is no sin too great to be absolved, that a man is free, through these indulgences, from all penalty and guilt… For this reason I have no longer been able to keep quiet about this matter, for it is by no gift of a bishop that man becomes sure of salvation… it is the first and the sole duty of all bishops that the people should learn the Gospel and the love of Christ, for Christ never taught that indulgences should be preached. How great then is the horror, how great the peril of a bishop, if he permits the Gospel to be kept quiet, and nothing but the noise of indulgences to be spread among his people! QUESTIONS: 1. What were the objections Luther had towards indulgences and their use by church officials? 2. According to the reading, what was the impact of the Protestant Reformation on medieval Europe? Use specific examples. Your answer must be in your own words. Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.