The fоllоwing pаrаgrаphs have main ideas that may appear at variоus places within the paragraph. Identify each main idea by choosing the correct sentence number in the space provided. 1 Do you ever wish you could shut off your brain, stop worrying about your problems, and just sleep for a few days? 2 If you could, you’d have a lot in common with animals that hibernate during the winter. 3 Hibernating animals, scientists have learned, actually switch off their brain cells for a week or more during winter months, and recent research suggests that studying how these animals do this may allow us to help people with brain damage brought on by strokes. 4 Investigations into the brain of the American ground squirrel, for instance, show that parts of the squirrel’s brain actually start to disappear once it’s gone into hibernation. 5 The squirrel’s brain cells, which resemble large bushes, each begin to shrink, or pull in their branches, until between 20 and 40 percent of the original brain structure is lost. 6 A person who suffers a severe stroke, or a loss of blood to the brain cells, might experience a similar amount of brain loss. 7 What scientists have discovered about the ground squirrel, however, is that between three and four hours after it wakes up, its brain has completely grown back again, and it continues to live its life exactly as it did before it went into hibernation. 8 Severe stroke patients, by contrast, usually manage to recover only a small fraction of their lost brain structure—and even then, it can take months or even years to make even that much progress. 9 Researchers are thus hoping that doctors will eventually be able to reproduce a hibernation-like state in the brains of people suffering from strokes to help them regrow the brain cells they have lost.
The fоllоwing pаrаgrаphs have main ideas that may appear at variоus places within the paragraph. Identify each main idea by choosing the correct sentence number in the space provided. 1 Born in 1856, the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud hypothesized that his patients’ physical and emotional symptoms were related to trauma they had experienced in childhood. 2 Based on his observations, Freud developed theories about how our “unconscious mind” affects our personality and drives our behavior. 3 Freud believed that the mind consists of three components: the id, the ego, and the superego. 4 The id, the most primitive part, represents our unconscious desires for pleasure and pain. 5 The ego, which operates on both unconscious and conscious levels, tries to satisfy the id’s desires in ways that are safe and socially acceptable. 6 The superego, the most advanced part of the mind, imposes moral guidelines on the ego; it is what we think of as our conscience. 7 Inevitably, situations arise in which the goals of these elements are incompatible with one another—leading to inner conflict. 8 For example, if the id drives us to do something that the superego considers wrong, we may feel anxious or guilty. Based on his views about the importance of the unconscious mind, Freud developed a method of treatment in which the therapist helps the patient bring to conscious awareness deeply buried memories and unconscious conflicts. 10 The techniques Freud used include dream analysis, free association, and expression of fantasies. 11 While most psychologists no longer practice strictly Freudian psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychology—which is based on Freud’s theory—is still practiced today.
Reаd eаch оf the selectiоns belоw. Then cаrefully consider the questions that follow and choose the best responses. Passage C What’s the secret of a happy marriage? Call me a romantic if you want, but for me, the answer is the same simple, beautiful idea that has been making relationships work for thousands of years: separate bathrooms. You give two people room to spread out their toiletry articles, and you have the basis of a long-term relationship. But you make them perform their personal hygiene activities in the same small enclosed space, year in and year out, constantly finding the other person’s bodily hairs stuck on their deodorant sticks, and I don’t care how loving they were when they started out. I don’t care if they were Romeo and Juliet. They’ll be slipping poison into each other’s non-dairy creamer. The primary purpose of this paragraph is to .