The Minnesоtа Legislаture pаsses the Efficient Snоw Remоval Act (ESRA), centralizing all snow removal on all roads in the state from city alleys to state highways in the Minnesota Snow Removal Agency. The stated goal of this agency is to efficiently, effectively, and equitably remove snow from Minnesota roads. Bud's Plow Service, a private business with a long-term contract to remove snow for Cottonwood County on county highways, sues the Minnesota Department of Transportation as the executive agency in charge of implementing the ESRA, arguing both that the ESRA violates the Contract Clause, and that their 14th Amendment right to economic substantive due process has been violated. First, if this case is heard in 2026, and the United States Supreme Court were to decided it solely on the basis of the Contract Clause claim, what case law would they use to decide it, and what would the likely outcome be? Second, imagine that the Supreme Court decided the case on economic substantive due process grounds. What case law would govern this case and how would it be decided if it were to happen in 1906? How about 1924? And finally how about 1956?