Questiоn Optiоns (Pick 1 fоr Q2): Neuromusculаr System: [multi pаrt]: а) Outline the full sequence of events from the motor cortex through a full myosin-actin crossbridge cycle. B) After your outline, clearly discuss what neural adaptations (must include at least 3) from exercise impact which part of the sequence. To complete this portion of the response you must name, define, and describe the neural adaptation as well as where it occurs relative to the brain, neuron/axon, neuromuscular junction and/or muscle fiber. C) Finally, identify at least two different exercises that would target two of the adaptations you listed and why those specific exercises would elicit the resulting neuromuscular change(S). Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: [multi-part]: a) What makes the endocrine system unique compared to other systems in the body (what organs(s), how does it send signals?, how long does it take for signals to result in change?); b) Name the organs/areas of the endocrine system that are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance: this must include all structures related to the stimulus, release, or point of action for the hormones; c) describe how a feedback loop works in a hot environment to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, include the organs/areas (i.e. the key players) you discussed in part b.; d) if exposed to repeated heat stimuli, what adaptations related to sweat, water, and electrolyte retention can someone expect. Disease Pathophysiology: [multi-part]: a) identify the pathophysiology for either type II diabetes or atherosclerosis, include specifics about normal physiology key points, pathological mechanisms, and key steps in the progression of the disease; b) identify and explain the role of at least 2 hormones or signaling factors related to your chosen pathology; c) identify what impact the pathology has on cardiovascular health/function (atherosclerosis) using specific variables learned about in class OR how the pathology impacts energy storage and usage (T2DM); d) clearly explain 2 variables for your chosen pathology that change in response to exercise. For full credit on this part you MUST include specific details about the intensity of exercise required to elicit this change. Bioenergetics [multi-part]: a) Discuss the key substrates for the ATP-PCr, Glycolytic, and Aerobic bioenergetic pathways and Where do the pathways connect and across which areas of the cell?; b) Identify the rate limiting enzymes for: ATP-PCr, Glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle and explain what a rate limiting enzyme does.; c) Discuss the power/capacity relationship across the pathways as it releases to ATP generation and sport type. Give specific examples. D) how would you describe how metabolism works and how the pathways are connected if asked by a novice (secondary school student, family member, patient)? Cardiovascular Physiology [multi-part]: a) Discuss the structure and function of the heart and its component parts. B) What are key metrics related to heart function/performance that you have learned about in class. These metrics will reflect heart health, training differences, adaptations, and/or pathology (at least 4 must be identified in your response), metrics must be identified, defined, and explained in terms of how they work and relate to performance/health/disease. C) Discuss how rest, submaximal, and maximal exercise impacts each of the 4 variables you identified (what is a normal response). D) Discuss how Cardiovascular Disease would impact these metrics (must discuss at least 2 of the 4 metrics). Respiratory Physiology [multi-part]: a) Discuss the structure and function of the lungs and its component parts. B) How are the lungs involved in acid-base balance and gas exchange? Discuss how the lungs work with the kidneys to monitor acid-base regulation as part of your response.; C) During an exercise test we measure gas exchange and calculate a specific metric that reflects substrate use. What is this metric, how is it calculated and how do you interpret it? How would training impact the submaximal values of this metric? D) How would lung function/gas exchange and oxygen usage change in response to acute altitude exposure (over 5k feet)? Aerobic Performance [multi-part]: a) Name and define the Fick Equation and how it relates to VO2max. b) What does each component of the Fick equation represent (break down each variable and what mechanisms impact those variables)?; c) What does the lactate and ventilatory threshold tell us about work efficiency / exercise load and how can this be used to predict performance In highly trained groups? D) to support part c, explain what the lactate threshold represents using bioenergetic pathways, energy usage, substrate transport and conversion, and physiological adaptations that would improve the LT. Aerobic Adaptations [multi-part]: The Fick equation has two key parts, discuss all factors related to increases in each part (oxygen delivery and use) that would be expected in response to aerobic training. You must name, define, and describe how exercise would change each factor as part of your answer. Consider rest vs. submaximal vs. maximal variable responses as part of your answer. Fick Equation _____ = Oxygen delivery x Oxygen extraction [ must write out full equation as part of your response] Environmental Physiology [multi-part]: We covered three primary environments in class: heat, altitude, and microgravity vs. sea level /thermoneutral. Pick at least two environmental conditions to focus your response. A) define each environment and explain how it is different from sea level (or thermoneutral); b) Identify at least three variables for each environment (i.e. 6 total)- you must name and define each variable selected and include key aspects about how the physiology/mechanism differs from its ‘control’ condition (i.e. sea level or thermoneutral).