INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.More than 99% of all airplane flights land safely. Therefore, probably the next flight to depart from JFK International Airport will land safely.

Proposition 2AGiven the following proposition: [(X  ⊃  A)  •  (B  ⊃  ∼ Y)]  ⊃  [(B  ∨  Y)  •  (A  ⊃  X)]In Proposition 2A, the main operator is a:

​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.It is a fact that major life forms now on earth were not at all represented in the past. There were no birds or mammals 250 million years ago. It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. There used to be dinosaurs and Pithecanthropus, and there are none now. It is a fact that all living forms came from previously living forms. Therefore, all present forms of life arose from ancestral forms that were different: birds arose from nonbirds and humans from nonhumans. R.C. Lewontin, “Evolution/Creation Debate: A Time for Truth”

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following argument, and then B) state whether the statement is valid or invalid. If the argument is invalid, identify the line(s) that prove that it is invalid. Be sure to identify the main operator of each statement and show all of your work. S  ∨  L   /   L  ⊃  ∼ S   //   S  ∨  ∼ L You may copy the first line of a truth table for this argument from here: S ∨ L / L ⊃ ~ S // S ∨ ~ L

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following argument, and then B) state whether the statement is valid or invalid. If the argument is invalid, identify the line(s) that prove that it is invalid. Be sure to identify the main operator of each statement and show all of your work. P  ∨  J   /   ∼(J  •  ∼ P)   //   J  ≡  ∼ PYou may copy the first line of a truth table for this argument from here: P ∨ J / ~ (J • ~ P) // J ≡ ~ P

​ ​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.

INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.Henry and Carl, who are neighbors, are about the same age, and they both have heart conditions. Henry takes Digitoxin for his heart, and it relieves his symptoms. Therefore, it would be a good idea for Carl to take the same medicine for his heart.

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following argument, and then B) state whether the statement is valid or invalid. If the argument is invalid, identify the line(s) that prove that it is invalid. Be sure to identify the main operator of each statement and show all of your work. N  ≡  D   /   D  ⊃  ∼ N   //   ∼ NYou may copy the first line of a truth table for this argument from here: N ≡ D / D ⊃ ~ N // ~ N

INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.A week ago we invited Charlie to a party, and within two hours he became drunk and obnoxious. The same thing happened when Theresa invited him three weeks ago. Therefore, it would not be a good idea for Daisy to invite him to next week’s party, because the same thing will probably happen again.

​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon. The dendrites receive information from other neurons and pass it along to the cell body. The cell body decides whether the information should be passed on to other neurons. If it decides it should, then it does so by means of an electrical impulse that travels down the axon. When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, it triggers chemical communication with other neurons. Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction