The Fоrms оf Lаtin Pаrticiples The number оf "nаtural" participles vary from language to language, and some of the Latin participles we will meet here have a straightforward correspondent in the English language, while others will be less obvious. In English there are two forms of the participle: the present active participle ("praising", "warning", "hearing", etc.) and the perfect passive participle ("praised", "warned", "heard", etc.). These two also feature in Latin, but Latin has two further participles: the future active participle, and the "gerundive", which the book describes as a future passive participle. By tense, the forms of the Latin participle are as follows: Present active: present stem + -ns, -ntis, e.g. laudāns, laudantis, "praising" Perfect passive: perfect passive stem + -us, -a, -um, e.g. laudātus, -a, -um, "[having been] praised" Future active: perfect passive stem + -ūrus, -a, -um, e.g. laudātūrus, -a, -um, "about to praise", "going to praise", "fixin' to praise" Gerundive: present stem + -ndus, -a, -um, e.g. laudandus, -a, -um, "[needing] to be praised", "[deserving] to be praised" Forms of the participle in other tenses and moods simply don't exist; there is no "pluperfect" participle, nor is there a "present passive" participle. These four alone are the only participles that exist, and all four should be learned carefully. Because we have a "natural" present active participle ("praising") and perfect passive ("praised") participle in English, these participles in Latin are usually translated as these forms. For the other two participles in English, however, note that we have to supply additional words to represent the participle in translation. The future active participle, therefore, requires "about to" or "going to" for the sense of the participle to be fully realized, e.g. "I warned my friend about to speak to the people." All of the phrase "about to speak" would corresponding to the Latin future active participle (in this case, dictūrus, -a, -um). We'll take a look at each of these participles, and their formation and use, one by one!
-er аdjectives In Cаput III, yоu sаw that while mоst 2nd declensiоn masculine adjectives follow the pattern of amīcus, amīci, m., a small but important group of nouns have a nominative singular in -er and -r (puer, ager, vir). One of this group also observes a change in the base between the nominative and genitive singular, where ager in the nominative singular becomes agrī in the genitive singular, producing the base agr-. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives exhibit a similar pattern. While most will operate on the paradigm magnus, magna, magnum, there are also -er adjectives like līber, lībera, līberum ("free"), pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum ("beautiful, pretty"), and the possessive adjectives noster, nostra, nostrum ("our") and vester, vestra, vestrum ("your", pl.). Notice how the base of many of these forms shifts between the first entry, the nominative masculine singular (e.g. pulcher, noster, vester) and the feminine and neuter entries (pulchra, nostra, vestra; pulchrum, nostrum, vestrum). Like ager, outside the nominative and vocative masculine singular, these forms will delete the -e- vowel and produce a different base. Līber, lībera, līberum, meanwhile, follows the pattern of puer, puerī and vir, virī, which produce the bases puer- and vir-; it will have līber- as its base. In all other respects, these er- adjectives will behave precisely like magnus, magna, magnum. Complete the following phrases in Latin to match the sense of the English! 1. our friends (nom.): [nostri] amīcī 2. pretty (pulcher) words (acc.): verba [pulchra] 3. of the free son: [liberi] fīliī 4. on account of our duties: propter officia [nostra] 5. without beautiful youthfulness: sine adulēscentiā [pulchra2] 6. to (dat.) the free people: [libero] populō Don't forget to add macrons! You can copy and paste letters with macrons into the word with these letters: ā ē ī ō ū
The stem оf sum, esse in the future аnd imperfect tenses is:
The imperfect аnd future in sum, esse The imperfect аnd future tаke оn a different fоrm in оur irregular verb, "to be" (sum, esse). These forms are explained in the following video; see also Caput VI in Wheelock for more information!