2. Abоut 13% оf the United Stаtes pоpulаtion is left-hаnded. Suppose that a researcher speculates that individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to be left-handed than the US population. The researcher surveys 104 individuals with schizophrenia and finds that 22 of them are left-handed. Based on this sample, is there enough evidence that the population proportion of individuals with schizophrenia who are left-handed is more than the 13% (or 0.13). (While answering the following sub-parts of this question, you will be including the null and alternative hypothesis, the test statistic, the p-value (a visualization and an interpretation), your statistical decision, and your conclusion in the context of the problem.) (e) What is the conclusion in the context of the problem for Step 5 of the hypothesis test?
Reаd the selectiоn “Incоme аnd Hаppiness" by Diener and identify the authоr’s overall main idea. Terms to Recognize: Replicated (para. 2)—verified by similar test or studies Correlation (para. 2, 4, 5)—a close connection, especially when one condition causes the other Disintegrated (para. 4)—fell apart Martin Seligman and I, as well as many others, have now collected a substantial amount of data on the relation of money and well-being, but these data are often misunderstood. Below I clarify some of the conclusions from this area of study, many of which were presented in the July 2004 Psychological Science in the Public Interest report, “Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.” The Rich Are on Average Happy Some people think that our data show that money does not matter for happiness, or even that rich people are unhappy. To the contrary, it is a highly replicated finding that individuals who are well-off financially are on average happier than poor people. Although the correlation between income and happiness in national samples is small in the United States, it is nevertheless true that the richest people are on average more satisfied with their lives than the poorest group. It also appears, however, that increasing income makes more difference at varying levels of poverty, perhaps because it relates to the meeting of basic needs. As one ascends the income ladder, it produces diminishing returns for happiness. The relation between income and happiness must also be considered in a cultural context. The Maasai of Africa have virtually no cash income — they have their cattle. But the Maasai can meet most of their basic needs, and they are not exposed to western media. In contrast, homeless people in California — who often have much greater income than the Maasai — are on average not nearly as happy. They do not possess what others around them have, and it requires much greater income to meet basic needs in their society. Thus, income must be considered in the context of people’s needs and desires. Wealth of NationsThere is a strong correlation between the wealth of nations and the average happiness found in them. Again, the effects are strongest when viewing the poor nations, and there is a leveling off of well-being after nations reach a per-capita income in the $12,000 range. The unhappiest nations, even unhappier than poor nations, are the former Soviet-bloc countries where the political and economic system disintegrated. It appears that instability and the loss of income may be worse than simply having low income. Casual Direction: From Happiness to Wealth?It has usually been assumed that the correlation between income and happiness is due to money affecting feelings of well-being. But some of our recent research suggests that at least some of the causal influence goes in the other direction — that cheerful people are likely to make more money than unhappy people. Cheerful people are also more likely to make friends, and as we discovered, quality of well-being may be more influenced by the strength of a person’s relationships than by money.
Pleаse reаd the fоllоwing reаding selectiоn and answer the following questions. Please write in the provided space. One of the challenges in reducing sugar for heart health is how hidden it is in everyday foods. Even items labeled “low-fat” often contain added sugars to make up for taste. Breakfast cereals, salad dressings, pasta sauces, and even some breads can be loaded with added sugars. The American Heart Association recommends that men consume no more than 36 grams (9 teaspoons) of added sugar per day while women should limit themselves to 25 grams (6 teaspoons) daily. Unfortunately, one can of soda alone can exceed these limits. Sugar may taste sweet, but its effects on the heart are anything but. While many people associate sugar with weight gain or cavities, few realize the serious toll it can take on cardiovascular health. Research over the past decade has made one thing clear: a high-sugar diet significantly increases the risk of heart disease—even in people who aren't overweight. When we consume excess sugar—especially from added sugars found in soda, desserts, and processed foods—our body undergoes several changes that can stress the cardiovascular system. One of the first effects is increased blood pressure. Sugar prompts the kidneys to retain sodium and water, which raises blood volume and strains the heart. In addition, sugar promotes chronic inflammation, a condition where the body's immune response remains constantly active. Over time, inflammation can damage arteries, making them more prone to plaque buildup and narrowing. This contributes to atherosclerosis, a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Sugar also disrupts healthy cholesterol levels. It can lower HDL ("good") cholesterol and raise levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides, fats in the blood that, when elevated, are strongly linked to heart disease. A large study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that people who got 17%–21% of their daily calories from added sugar had a 38% higher risk of dying from heart disease compared to those who consumed less than 10%. This shows that sugar’s impact on the heart is dose-dependent and cumulative. Even if you don’t feel or look unhealthy, consuming too much sugar regularly can silently damage your heart over time. The connection between sugar and heart health is undeniable. From raising blood pressure and cholesterol to triggering inflammation, sugar can significantly increase your risk of heart disease. Reducing added sugar in your diet—even by a little—can protect your heart and improve your overall health. So the next time you reach for something sweet, think of your heart and choose wisely. 1. What is the author's topic? (3 Points) Topic: 2. What is the author's main idea in a single sentence? (5 Points) Main Idea: Write a formal outline of the reading selection as learned in class this semester, presenting all major/important points. (15 Points) Write your outline below.