A cаrt оf mаss mm is mоving with negligible frictiоn on а track with known speed v1v_1 to the right. It collides and sticks to a cart of mass 4m4m moving with known speed v2v_2to the right. Which of the following principles must be applied to determine the final speed of the carts, and why?
Instructiоns: Reаd the pаrаgraph, but dо NOT take any nоtes. You will summarize this paragraph in the next question, so make sure to read it as many times as you can. You can use a paper dictionary. Remember, you won't be able to go back to this question again. Once you are ready to move to the next question, answer the question below. Part I Before paper was invented, people in different parts of the world used many materials for writing, depending on what was available in their environment. Some people wrote on clay tablets, while others used tree bark, papyrus, or parchment. One of the earliest writing materials was papyrus, which was developed in Egypt around 3000 BC (Before Christ). People made papyrus from the papyrus plant by cutting it into thin strips, placing the strips in layers, and pressing them together to form a flat sheet. Another important writing material was parchment, invented in the second century BC and named after the Greek city of Pergamum. Parchment was made from animal skin, usually from sheep or cows. Workers cleaned and stretched the skin, treated it with lime, and cut it into pieces to create pages for documents and books. In Southeast Asia, people used palm leaves for writing as early as the fifth century BC. They cut the leaves into long rectangles, scratched words onto them with a sharp tool, and rubbed soot into the scratches so the writing could be seen. The leaves were tied together with string or pins to make books, and some books had decorated covers. Another early material was tapa, which was made by beating the bark of the mulberry tree until it became thin sheets. Tapa was used for writing, clothing, and bedding, but it did not last long in humid climates. Paper is different from these materials because it is made from plant fibers mixed with water to create pulp. The pulp is spread on a screen to form a thin sheet, and when it dries, the fibers stick together naturally to form paper. ___________________________________________________________________________________ *BC stands for “Before Christ.” It is used to label years before the birth of Jesus Christ. For example, 3000 BCE (or 3000 BC) means 3000 years before Jesus was born. *AD stands for “Anno Domini,” which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.” It is used for years after the birth of Jesus Christ. For example, 105 AD is 105 years after Jesus was born. Question 1 I finished reading Part II.
Instructiоns: Yоu finished reаding Pаrt II. Tаke yоur time and using your paper, write everything you remember. When you are ready to move to the next question, answer the question below. Remember, you won't be able to return to the previous questions. Part III Paper has profoundly shaped human history because it made writing, learning, and communication more practical, affordable, and widespread. It was first invented in China around 105 AD by Cai Lun, who created sheets from mulberry bark, hemp, old rags, and fishing nets. Before paper, people used materials such as papyrus in Egypt (3000 BC), parchment in Pergamum (2nd century BC), and palm leaves in Southeast Asia (5th century BC), which were expensive or difficult to produce. The Chinese kept papermaking secret for centuries, but by the 8th century AD, it spread to Central Asia after Chinese artisans were captured during battles. From there, papermaking reached the Islamic world, including Baghdad and Damascus, where it facilitated the production of scientific and philosophical works, such as those by Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 AD). By the 12th century, paper had reached Europe, with early mills in Spain and Italy, allowing universities like Bologna (founded 1088) and Oxford (founded 1096) to produce textbooks and manuscripts more efficiently. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s multiplied the impact of paper, enabling the mass production of books such as the Gutenberg Bible (1455), which fueled the Renaissance, increased literacy, and spread new ideas in science, religion, and art. Paper also revolutionized government record-keeping, trade documentation, and law, as seen in the extensive archives of Venice (14th–16th centuries) and the administrative documents of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). In the 19th century, the development of wood pulp paper allowed for large-scale, inexpensive production, making newspapers, books, and official documents widely available. Today, paper continues to be essential in education, printing, packaging, art, banking, and office work, even in the digital age, because people still rely on books, notebooks, forms, and legal documents worldwide. ___________________________________________________________________________________ *BC stands for “Before Christ.” It is used to label years before the birth of Jesus Christ. For example, 3000 BCE (or 3000 BC) means 3000 years before Jesus was born. *AD stands for “Anno Domini,” which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.” It is used for years after the birth of Jesus Christ. For example, 105 AD is 105 years after Jesus was born. Question 5 I finished reading Part III.